The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II

Chronology of the USN in WWII

  1939   1940   1941   1942   1943   1944   1945

  United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Long Island (ACV-1)

Asisbiz USS Long Island (CVE-1) photographed on 10th June 1944 80 G 236393

 USS Long Island (ACV-1)

Name: USS Long Island
Namesake: Long Island, New York
Laid down: 7 July 1939
Launched: 11 January 1940
Commissioned: 2 June 1941
Decommissioned: 26 March 1946
Stricken: 12 April 1946
Fate: Scrapped in Belgium in 1977

General characteristics (as built)

Class and type: Long Island-class escort carrier
Displacement: 13,499 long tons (13,716 t)
Length: 492 ft (150 m)
Beam: 69 ft 6 in (21.18 m)
Draft: 25 ft 8 in (7.82 m)
Installed power: 8,500 hp (6,300 kW)
Propulsion: diesel, 1 shaft (details)
Speed: 16.5 kn (19.0 mph; 30.6 km/h)
Complement: 970 officers and enlisted
Armament: 1 × 5 in (130 mm)/51 cal gun; 2 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 cal guns[1]
Aircraft carried: 30 Aircraft

 

USS Long Island (CVE-1) (originally AVG-1 and then ACV-1) was lead ship of her class and the first escort carrier of the United States Navy. She was also the second ship to be named after Long Island, New York.

Asisbiz USS Long Island (AVG 1) ex MORMACMAIL under conversion at Newport 1st April 1941 NH 96711

Long Island was laid down on 7 July 1939, as the C-3 cargo liner Mormacmail, under Maritime Commission contract, by the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania as Yard No 185, launched on 11 January 1940, sponsored by Ms. Dian B. Holt, acquired by the Navy on 6 March 1941, and commissioned on 2 June 1941 as Long Island (AVG-1), Commander Donald B. Duncan in command.

Description and construction

USS Long Island (AVG 1) ex MORMACMAIL under conversion at Newport 1st April 1941

 USS Long Island (AVG-1) Flight deck arrangements

1. USS Long Island (AVG 1) Lt Cmdr Lex L Black CO of squadron VGS 1 makes the ship's 2000th landing 20th April 1942
2. USS Long Island (AVG 1) Lt Cmdr Lex L Black CO of squadron VGS 1 makes the ship's 2000th landing 20th April 1942
3. USS Long Island (AVG 1) view on the hangar deck looking aft over the elevator pit 28th Mar 1942
4. USS Long Island (AVG 1) crewmen spotting a Grumman F4F 4 Wildcat in the hangar deck 17th Jun 1942
5. Curtiss SOC 3A Seagull scout observation planes VGS 1 aboard USS Long Island (AVG 1) 10th May 1942
6. Grumman F4F 4 Wildcat fighter equipped with ferry tanks during flight ops on USS Long Island (ACV 1) 6th Mar 1943
7. USS Long Island (AVG 1) Grumman TBF 1 Avenger torpedo plane landing during carrier qualifications late 1942
8. USS Long Island (AVG 1) on the catapult ready for take off 17th Jun 1942

Flight deck arrangements

The USS Long Island was the prototype for the escort carrier class and featured a simpler flight deck arrangement compared to the larger fleet carriers. The flight deck measured approximately 492 feet (150 meters) in length and was mounted atop the ship’s superstructure. Designed primarily for patrol and escort duties, the deck allowed for the operation of a modest air group of up to 30 aircraft, including fighters and light bombers. The compact size of the flight deck limited the types of aircraft it could operate but was sufficient for the ship's role in anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and convoy protection. Aircraft elevators connected the flight deck to the hangar below, enabling efficient movement of planes. The deck was unarmored, which was typical of escort carriers, and relied on maneuverability and escort ships for protection during operations. The limited size and equipment reflected the ship's role as a cost-effective solution for filling critical gaps in air coverage during World War II.

Propulsion

The USS Long Island was powered by a diesel-electric propulsion system that generated 8,500 horsepower (6,300 kW). This power was delivered to a single shaft, which turned the ship’s single propeller. While not as fast as larger fleet carriers, the propulsion system enabled the Long Island to reach a maximum speed of 16.5 knots (19.0 mph or 30.6 km/h). Though relatively slow, this speed was adequate for convoy escort missions, where the carrier needed to match the pace of slower merchant ships. The diesel engines were highly efficient and allowed for extended operational ranges, making the ship well-suited for its long-duration escort duties.

Armament

The Long Island was modestly armed, reflecting its primary role as an escort carrier rather than a front-line combat vessel. Its main armament included a single 5-inch (130 mm)/51 caliber gun, positioned aft for defense against surface threats and to provide limited shore bombardment capability. Additionally, the carrier was equipped with two 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber guns for anti-aircraft defense. These weapons offered basic protection against enemy aircraft and small surface vessels. The ship's reliance on its escorting destroyers and other ships for additional defense underscored its role as a support vessel rather than a heavily armed combatant.

Fire control and electronics

The USS Long Island featured basic fire control and electronics systems to support its defensive armament and aircraft operations. Radar systems were installed to provide early warning of approaching enemy aircraft or ships, allowing the ship to prepare its defenses or launch its aircraft in response. These systems were vital in the ASW role, helping the carrier locate enemy submarines and direct its aircraft to intercept them. Communication systems ensured coordination with other ships in the convoy or task group, enhancing the effectiveness of escort missions. While less sophisticated than those on fleet carriers, the electronics on the Long Island were sufficient for its operational requirements.

Armor

The USS Long Island was minimally armored, a trade-off made to keep its construction cost-effective and allow for its role as a support vessel. Unlike fleet carriers, which had armored flight decks and hulls, the Long Island relied on its escorting vessels and operational tactics for protection. The absence of heavy armor meant the ship could be more vulnerable to enemy attacks, but it also allowed for greater fuel efficiency and operational range. This design philosophy reflected the Long Island's role as a supplementary carrier, providing vital air support where fleet carriers were unavailable or unsuitable.

Pearl Harbor the trigger point for America to enter into WWII

Service history - World War II

 USS Long Island (AVG-1) during World War II

1. USS Long Island (AVG 1) underway with two F2A fighters on her flight deck on 8th July 1941
2. USS Long Island (AVG 1) in measure 12 modified camouflage 10th Nov 1941
3. USS Long Island (AVG 1) moored at NAS North Island California 2nd June 1942
4. USS Long Island (ACV 1) underway with a mixed cargo of airplanes and stores 25th May 1943
5. USS Long Island (CVE-1) photographed on 10th June 1944

In the tense months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Long Island operated out of Norfolk, Virginia, conducting experiments to prove the feasibility of aircraft operations from converted cargo ships. The data gathered by her crew greatly improved the combat readiness of later "baby flattops". Just after the Japanese attack, she escorted a convoy to Newfoundland and qualified carrier pilots at Norfolk before departing for the West Coast on 10 May 1942. Reaching San Francisco on 5 June, the ship immediately joined Admiral William S. Pye's Task Force One (TF 1); consisting of seven battleships and provided air cover while at sea to protect the West Coast of the United States and reinforce Admiral Chester Nimitz's forces before, during and after their victory in the Battle of Midway.[2] She left the formation on 17 June and returned to the West Coast to resume carrier pilot training.

Long Island departed San Diego on 8 July and arrived Pearl Harbor on 17 July. After a training run south to Palmyra Island, she loaded two squadrons of Marine Corps aircraft and got underway for the South Pacific on 2 August. Touching at Fiji on 13 August, she then steamed to a point 200 mi (170 nmi; 320 km) southeast of Guadalcanal and launched her aircraft (19 Grumman F4F Wildcats and 12 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers).[3] These planes, the first to reach Henderson Field, were instrumental in the Guadalcanal campaign and went on to compile a distinguished war record. Her mission was accomplished. Reclassified ACV-1 on 20 August, Long Island sailed for Vila, Efate Island, New Hebrides, and arrived on 17 August. She departed on 18 August but returned to Vila, on Efate, from 23 August to 31 August. She sailed on 1 September for Espiritu Santo, before departing from there the same day for San Diego.

Long Island in sea camouflage, November 1941. Seven SOC Seagull scout planes and one F2A3 Buffalo fighter are on deck.

Long Island's actions at Guadalcanal are mentioned and seen in the movie Flying Leathernecks.

Long Island returned to the West Coast on 20 September, as the new "baby flattops" took up the slack in the Pacific war zones. For the next year, the escort carrier trained carrier pilots at San Diego. Long Island was reclassified CVE-1 on 15 July 1943. In 1944–1945, she transported airplanes and their crews from the West Coast to various outposts in the Pacific. After V-J Day, she revisited many of these same bases while transporting soldiers and sailors back home during Operation Magic Carpet.

Post-war

Asisbiz SS Seven Seas docked in Andalsnes Norway circa in 1960 Wiki

Seven Seas docked in Åndalsnes, Norway ca. 1960

Long Island decommissioned on 26 March 1946 at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 12 April, she was sold to Zidell Ship Dismantling Company of Portland, Oregon on 24 April 1947 for scrapping. However, on 12 March 1948, she was acquired by the Canada-Europe Line for conversion to merchant service. Upon completion of conversion in 1949, she was renamed Nelly,[4] and served as an immigrant carrier between Europe, Australia and Canada. In 1953, she was renamed Seven Seas. In 1955, she was chartered to the German Europe-Canada Line. On 17 July 1965, she had a serious fire and was towed to St John's, Newfoundland. She was repaired and started her last voyage on 13 September 1966. She was bought the same year and employed by Rotterdam University as a students' hostel until 1971 and as a migrant hostel until 1977, when she was scrapped in Belgium.[5][6]

Awards

Long Island received one battle star for her World War II service.

 

Long Island II (CVE‑1)

(CVE‑1: dp. 13,499; l. 492'; b. 69'6"; dr. 25'8"; s. 1.6.5 k.; cpl. 970; a. 1 5", 2 3", ac. 21; cl. Long Island; T. C3‑S‑A1) The first Long Island retained her former name; the second was named for the body of water between the southern shore of Connecticut and the northern coast of Long Island, N.Y.

II The second Long Island (CVE‑1) was laid down 7 July 1939, as Mormacmail, under Maritime Commission contract, by the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Chester, Pa.; launched 11 January 1940; sponsored by Miss Dian B. Holt; acquired by the Navy 6 March 1941; and commissioned 2 June 1941 as Long Island (AVG‑1) Comdr. Donald B. Duncan in command.

In the tense months before Pearl Harbor, the new escort aircraft carrier operated out of Norfolk, conducting experiments to prove the feasibility of aircraft operations from converted cargo ships. The data gathered by Long Island greatly improved the combat readiness of later "baby flattops." Just after the Japanese attack. Long Island escorted a convoy to Newfoundland and qualified carrier pilots at Norfolk before departing for the west coast 10 May 1942. Reaching San Francisco 5 June, the ship immediately joined Admiral Pye's four battleships and provided air cover while at sea to reinforce Admiral Nimitz' forces after their brilliant victory in the Battle of Midway. She left the formation 17 July and returned to the west coast to resume carrier pilot training.

Long Island departed San Diego 8 July 1942 and arrived Pearl Harbor the 17th. After a training run south to Palmyra Island, the ship loaded two squadrons of Marine Corp aircraft and got underway for the South Pacific 2 August. Five days later the Marines, while landing on Guadalcanal, encountered stiff opposition and needed more air support than could be provided by the handful of carriers available during the early months of the war. Touching Fiji Islands 13 August, Long Island then steamed to a point 200 miles southeast of Guadalcanal and launched her aircraft. These planes, the first to reach Henderson Field, were instrumental in the liberation of Guadalcanal and went on to compile a distinguished war record. Her mission was accomplished in an outstanding fashion. Reclassified ACV‑1 on 20 August, Long Island sailed for Efate, New Hebrides, and arrived 23 August.

Long Island returned to the west coast 20 September 1942, as the new "baby flattops" took up the slack in the Pacific war zones. For the next year, the escort carrier trained carrier pilots at San Diego, an unglamorous but vital contribution to victory. Long Island was reclassified CVE‑1, on 15 July 1943. During 1944 and 1945 she transported airplanes and their crews from the west coast to various outposts in the Pacific. After V‑J Day, she revisited many of these same bases while transporting soldiers and sailors back home during operation "Magic Carpet."

Long Island decommissioned 26 March 1946 at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Struck 12 April 1946, she was sold to Zidell Ship Dismantling Co., Portland, Oreg., 24 April 1947 for scrapping. This was not to be. The old warrior still had some life left for on 12 March 1948, she was acquired by the Canada‑Europe Line for conversion to merchant service. Upon completion of conversion in 1949, she was renamed Nelly and served as an immigrant carrier between Europe and Canada. In 1953, she was sold to the University of the Seven Seas and was converted into a schoolship. Later that year, she was renamed Seven Seas and with her cargo of students, began sailing all over the world in pursuit of knowledge. After 13 years of service In this role, she was replaced as a schoolship for the university, and was sold to the University of Rotterdam for use as a floating dormitory. Into 1969, she is still in service in this role, berthed near the university grounds.

Long Island received one battle star for World War II service.

Published: Wed Jul 29 08:31:15 EDT 2015

 Flight Simulators
 

   IL-2 Sturmovik 'Cliff's of Dover' Blitz - has no 3D model

   IL-2 Sturmovik Battle of Stalingrad - has no 3D model

   DCS World - has no 3D model

 

USN Top Fighter Pilot by Squadron and Leading Commanding Officer including Unit Total Kills
Squadron # Nickname Start End A/C Carrier/Base Top Ace (kills w/ sqn) CO (kills w/ sqn) Kills # Aces
VF-1 High Hatters Nov-43 Aug-44 F6F Yorktown CV-10 Richard Eastmond (9) B.M. Strean 100 3
VF-2 Rippers Mar-44 Sep-44 F6F Hornet CV-12 Cdr. William A. Dean (10)   240 28
VF-3 Felix the Cat Dec-41 May-42 F4F Lexington CV-2 Butch O'Hare (5) Jimmy Thach 18 1
  May-42 Jun-42 F4F Yorktown CV-5 Elbert McCuskey (5) Jimmy Thach 34.5 1
VF-5 Aug-42 Oct-42 F4F Saratoga CV-3 H. M. Jensen (7) Leroy Simpler 78 4
  Oct-43 Apr-44 F6F Yorktown CV-10 Robert Duncan (7) Ed Owens (5) 93.5 7
VF-6 Shooting Stars Dec-41 Oct-42 F4F Enterprise CV-6 Donald E. Runyon (8) James S. Gray 63 1
VF-6 Aug-43 Feb-44 F6F various CV's Alexander Vraciu (9) H.W. Harrison 37.5 0
VF-7 Sep-44 Jan-45 F6F Hancock CV-19 Lt. Cdr. L. J. Check (10)   72 2
VF-8 Dec-41 Jun-42 F4F Hornet CV-8 Merrill Cook (2) Sam Mitchell 5 0
  Mar-44 Oct-44 F6F Bunker Hill CV-17 Cdr. William Collins (9)   156 13
VF-9 Cat o' Nines Oct-43 Mar-44 F6F Essex CV-9 Hamilton McWhorter (10) Phil Torrey 116 10 est.
  Mar-45 Jun-45 F6F Yorktown CV-10 Eugene Valencia (23) John S. Kitten 129 10 est.
VF-10 Grim Reapers Oct-42 May-43 F4F Enterprise CV-6 Swede Vejtasa (7.25) J.H. Flatley 43 1
  Jan-44 Jun-44 F6F Enterprise CV-6 Richard Devine (8) William Kane 88 5
  Feb-45 Apr-45 F4U Intrepid CV-11 P. L. Kirkwood (8) Walter E. Clarke 87 7
VF-11 Sundowners May-43 Jul-43 F4F Guadalcanal Charles Stimpson (6) Charles White 52 2
  Oct-44 Jan-45 F6F Hornet CV-12 Charles Stimpson (10) E. G. Fairfax 106 5
VF-12 Sep-43 Jun-44 F6F Saratoga CV-3 John Magda (4) R.G. Dose 20 0
  Jan-45 Jun-45 F6F Randolph CV-15 Lt. Cdr. Frederick H. Michaelis (5)   51 2
VF-13 Black Cats Jul-44 Nov-44 F6F Franklin CV-13 Albert Pope (7) Wilson Coleman (6) 86 3
VF-14 Iron Angels May-44 Nov-44 F6F Wasp CV-18 William Knight (7.5) R. Gray 146 8
VF-15 Fighting Aces May-44 Nov-44 F6F Essex CV-9 McCampbell, Duncan, Rushing, Strane, Twelves James Rigg (11) 310 26
VF-16 Fighting Airedales Oct-43 Jun-44 F6F Lexington CV-16 Alexander Vraciu (10) Paul D. Buie (9) 136.5 7
VF-17 Jolly Rogers Oct-43 Mar-44 F4U Solomons Ike Kepford (16) Tom Blackburn (11) 152 11
VF-18 Oct-43 Mar-44 F6F Bunker Hill CV-17 Lt. Cdr. Sam Silber (6)   74 1
  Aug-44 Nov-44 F6F Intrepid CV-11 Cecil Harris (22) Ed Murphy 176.5 13
VF-19 Satan's Kittens Jul-44 Nov-44 F6F Lexington CV-16 William Masoner Jr. (10) T. Hugh Winters (8) 155 11
VF-20 Aug-44 Jan-45 F6F Enterprise CV-6/etc. Douglas Baker (16.33) Fred Bakutis (7.5) 158 9
VF-21 Feb-43 Jul-43 F4F Guadalcanal Ross Torkelson (6) John Hulme 69 3
  Jul-44 Oct-44 F6F Belleau Wood CVL-24 Bob Thomas (5) V. F. Casey 40 1
VF-22 Sep-44 Jan-45 F6F Cowpens CVL-25 Clement Craig (12) Thomas Jenkins 49.5 3
VF-23 Aug-43 May-44 F6F Princeton CVL-23 L.H. Kerr (4.83) H.L. Miller 35 0
VF-26 Apr-44 Oct-44 FM2 Santee CVE-29 Kenneth Hippe (6) Harold Funk 31 1
VC-27 Oct-44 Jan-45 FM2 Savo Island Ralph Elliott (9) P. W. Jackson 61 1
VF-27 May-44 Oct-44 F6F Princeton CVL-23 James Shirley (12) Fred Bardshar (7.5) 134 10
VF-28 May-44 Dec-44 F6F Monterey CVL-26 Oscar Bailey (5) Roger Mehle 55 2
VF-29 Oct-44 Apr-45 F6F Cabot CVL-28 Robert Murray (10.3) William Eder (6.5) 113 12
VF-30 Jan-45 Jun-45 F6F Belleau Wood CVL-24 James Reber (11) Douglas A. Clark 110 7
VF-31 Meat Axers Jan-44 Sep-44 F6F Cabot CVL-28 Cornelius Nooy (19) Bob Winston 165.5 14
VF-32 Outlaw's Bandits Mar-44 Oct-44 F6F Langley CVL-27 Lt. Cdr. Eddie Outlaw (6)   44 2
VF-33 Aug-43 Jan-44 F6F Solomons Frank Schneider (7) Hawley Russell 74.5 3
VF(N)-41 Aug-44 Jan-45 F6F Independence CVL-23 William Henry (9.5) T. F. Caldwell 46 2
VF-42 Dec-41 May-42 F4F Yorktown CV-5 Art Brassfield (4.83) Oscar Pedersen 25 0
VF-44 Crusaders Oct-44 Feb-45 F6F Langley CVL-27 Cdr. Malcolm T. Wordell (7)   47 3
VF-45 Nov-44 May-45 F6F San Jacinto CVL-30 James B. Cain (8) Gordon Schechter 81.5 6
VF-47 Fighting Cocks Mar-45 Aug-45 F6F Bataan CVL-29 Samuel Hibbard (7.33) Albert Clancy 67.5 1
VF-50 Devil Cats Apr-44 Jul-44 F6F Bataan CVL-29 Daniel Rehm (6) J.C. Strange 61 4
VF-51 Apr-44 Nov-44 F6F San Jacinto CVL-30 William Maxwell (7) C. L. Moore 50.5 1
VF-60 Nov-43 Oct-44 F6F Suwanee CVE-27 R. Singleton (3.25) H.O. Feilbach 25 0
VF-72 Jul-42 Oct-42 F4F Hornet CV-8 George Wrenn (5.25) Henry Sanchez 38 1
VF-80 Vorse's Vipers Nov-44 Jan-45 F6F Ticonderoga CV-14 Patrick Fleming (19) Leroy Keith 159.5 10
VF-82 Jan-45 Jun-45 F6F Bennington CV-20 Robert Jennings (7) Edward Hassell 85 5
VF-83 Kangaroos Mar-45 Sep-45 F6F Essex CV-9 Thaddeus Coleman (8) H.A. Sampson 137 11
VBF-83 Mar-45 Sep-45 F4U Essex CV-9 Thomas Reidy (10) Frank Patriarca 91 3
VF-84 Wolf Gang Jan-45 Jun-45 F4U Bunker Hill CV-17 Doris Freeman (7) Roger R. Hedrick 137 4

 

 Naval Base Kitsap Bremerton, Washington Map

 

    USS Long Island (ACV-1) citations notes:

  1.  

    USS Long Island (ACV-1) citations:

  1. Friedman 1983 p. 162
  2. 'Pye’s Midway: America’s Battleship Fleet' By Mike Bennighof, PhD, January 2018 http://www.avalanchepress.com/PyesMidway.php
  3. Morison 2010 p. 73
  4. Silverstone(1968)p.52
  5. North Atlantic Seaway by N.R.P.Bonsor, vol.4, p.1738
  6. 'M/S Seven Seas was built and became the USS Long Island, then sold become a migrant ship the M/S Nelly in 1949 and renamed M/S Seaven Seas in 1953'.

    Bibliography:

  • Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot (2010). The Struggle for Guadalcanal: August 1942 – February 1943. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-551-6.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1968). U.S. Warships of World War II. Doubleday & Company.
  • Anderson, Richard M. & Baker, Arthur D. III (1977). 'CV-2 Lex and CV-3 Sara'. Warship International. XIV (4): 291–328. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2004). American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide (Second ed.). CDSG Press. ISBN 0-9748167-0-1.
  • Brown, J. D. (2009). Carrier Operations in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-108-2.
  • Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-739-9.
  • Friedman, Norman (1984). U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-718-6.
  • Fry, John (1996). USS Saratoga CV-3: An Illustrated History of the Legendary Aircraft Carrier 1927–1946. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-0089-X.
  • Lundstrom, John B. (2005). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-471-X.
  • Lundstrom, John B. (1994). The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-526-8.
  • Nofi, Albert A. (2010). To Train the Fleet for War: The U.S. Navy Fleet Problems. Naval War College Historical Monograph. Vol. 18. Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College Press. ISBN 978-1-884733-69-7.
  • Polmar, Norman; Genda, Minoru (2006). Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events. Vol. 1, 1909–1945. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-663-0.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
  • 'Saratoga V'. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History & Heritage Command (NH&HC).
  • Stahura, Barbara (2003). U.S. S. Saratoga: CV-3 & CVA/CV-60 (Revised ed.). Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing. ISBN 1-56311-855-6.
  • Stern, Robert C. (1993). The Lexington Class Carriers. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-503-9.
  • Stille, Mark (2005). US Navy Aircraft Carriers 1922–1945: Prewar Classes. New Vanguard. Vol. 114. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-890-1.
  • Tully, Anthony P.; Casse, Gilbert (March 2012). 'IJN Ryujo: Tabular Record of Movement'. Combinedfleet.
  • Wadle, Ryan David (August 2005). United States Navy Fleet Problems and the Development of Carrier Aviation, 1929–1933 (PDF). College Station, Texas: Texas A & M University.

    Magazine References: +

  • Airfix Magazines (English) - http://www.airfix.com/
  • Avions (French) - http://www.aerostories.org/~aerobiblio/rubrique10.html
  • FlyPast (English) - http://www.flypast.com/
  • Flugzeug Publikations GmbH (German) - http://vdmedien.com/flugzeug-publikations-gmbh-hersteller_verlag-vdm-heinz-nickel-33.html
  • Flugzeug Classic (German) - http://www.flugzeugclassic.de/
  • Klassiker (German) - http://shop.flugrevue.de/abo/klassiker-der-luftfahrt
  • Le Fana de L'Aviation (French) - http://boutique.editions-lariviere.fr/site/abonnement-le-fana-de-l-aviation-626-4-6.html
  • Le Fana de L'Aviation (French) - http://www.pdfmagazines.org/tags/Le+Fana+De+L+Aviation/
  • Osprey (English) - http://www.ospreypublishing.com/
  • Revi Magazines (Czech) - http://www.revi.cz/

    Web References: +

  • Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Long_Island_(CVE-1)
  • Naval History and Heritage Command - https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/l/long-island-ii.html
  • Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto
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