United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Santee (CVE-29)

 USS Santee (CVE-29)

Name: SS Esso Seakay
Owner: Standard Oil Company of New Jersey
Builder: Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania
Laid down: 31 May 1938
Launched: 4 March 1939
Sponsored by: Mrs. Charles Kurz
Fate: Purchased by the US Navy
U.S. Navy
Name: USS Santee
Namesake: Santee River in South Carolina
Acquired: 18 October 1940
Commissioned: 30 October 1940, as AO-29
Decommissioned: Early 1942
Recommissioned: 24 August 1942, as ACV-29
Decommissioned: 21 October 1946
Reclassified: CVHE-29, 12 June 1955
Stricken: 1 March 1959
Fate: Sold, 5 December 1959; Scrapped in Hamburg in May 1960

General characteristics (as built)

Class and type: Sangamon-class escort carrier
Displacement: 6,534 long tons (6,639 t)
Length: 559 ft (170 m)
Beam: 75 ft (23 m); 114 ft 3 in (34.82 m) (extreme width)
Draft: 32 ft 4 in (9.86 m)
Propulsion: 2 × steam turbines; 2 × shafts
Speed: 18 kn (21 mph; 33 km/h)
Complement: 860 officers and men
Armament: 2 × 5 in (127 mm)/51 cal guns
Aircraft carried: 31
Aviation facilities: 2 × elevators
Service record
Commanders: William Sample (1942–44)
Operations: World War II
Awards: 9 battle stars

 

USS Santee (CVE-29) (originally launched as AO-29, then ACV-29) was an American escort carrier. The second ship with this name, it was launched on 4 March 1939 as Esso Seakay under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 3) by the Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company at Chester, Pennsylvania, sponsored by Mrs. Charles Kurz. It was acquired by the United States Navy on 18 October 1940 and commissioned on 30 October 1940 as AO-29.

Prior to her acquisition by the Navy, Esso Seakay had been operated by Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso) on the west coast. During her commercial service, she set several records for fast oil hauling. Her original model was a type T3-S2-A1 tanker.

Description and construction

After commissioning, Santee served in the Atlantic. When American neutrality ended on 7 December 1941, Santee was carrying oil for a secret airdrome at NS Argentia, Newfoundland. In the spring of 1942, Santee's conversion to an aircraft carrier was begun at the Norfolk Navy Yard.

Flight deck arrangements

USS Santee was originally built as an oil tanker (SS Esso Seakay) and converted into a Sangamon-class escort carrier in 1942. During its conversion, it received a flight deck measuring 502 feet in length and 75 feet in width, supported by the ship’s hull structure rather than a purpose-built aircraft carrier frame. The deck was equipped with two elevators, allowing efficient movement of aircraft between the hangar and the flight deck. As the war progressed, an additional catapult was installed to improve aircraft launch efficiency, accommodating heavier and more advanced aircraft.

Propulsion

The propulsion system on USS Santee included two steam turbines powered by four boilers operating at 450 psi. This system generated a total of 13,500 shaft horsepower, driving two screws and providing the ship with a maximum speed of 18 knots (approximately 21 mph or 33 km/h). This level of propulsion was sufficient for escort and fleet support operations, though slower than fleet carriers.

Armament

The initial armament of USS Santee consisted of two single 5-inch/51 caliber guns for anti-surface and dual-purpose roles. For close-in anti-aircraft defense, the ship was equipped with four twin 40 mm Bofors guns and twelve single 20 mm Oerlikon cannons. As the threat of air attacks increased during the war, additional 20 mm and 40 mm anti-aircraft guns were installed, significantly enhancing the ship's defensive capabilities against Japanese kamikaze and conventional air attacks.

Fire control and electronics

The USS Santee's fire control systems were upgraded during its service to include advanced radar and targeting systems for improved detection and engagement of both surface and airborne threats. These included surface search and air search radar systems, which allowed the ship to act as an effective command center for coordinating anti-submarine and air defense operations. Communication equipment was also enhanced to better coordinate with other ships and aircraft in its task force.

Armor

As a converted tanker, USS Santee had limited armor compared to purpose-built carriers. The flight deck was not armored but constructed with steel plating to handle the weight of aircraft operations. Its hull retained the robust structure of its original tanker design, providing some protection against torpedoes and underwater explosions. However, the ship relied heavily on its escort screen for protection from enemy threats, as it lacked the heavy armor of fleet carriers.

USS Santee proved to be a versatile and durable vessel during World War II, participating in multiple campaigns and earning nine battle stars for its service. Despite its origins as a civilian tanker, it adapted effectively to the demands of carrier operations, contributing significantly to the U.S. Navy's escort carrier program.

Service history - World War II

United States Navy aircraft carrier CVE-29 Santee

From	Till	Operation	Force	Action
44/02/18	44/02/19			joinPac - Panama Canal
44/02/19	44/02/28			sail Panama > San Diego
44/02/28	44/03/02			San Diego - embark CVEG-26, 31 ferry planes, passengers
44/03/02	44/03/09			sail San Diego > P.H.
44/03/15	44/04/07	Desec1	51.15
44/04/07	44/04/13			Esp. Santo
44/04/13				sail to Purvis Bay, Tulagi
44/04/2	44/05	Persec	78.1/CarDiv22	CVEG-26: VF-26,VT-26
44/05/12	44/06/01			Manus - chage CVEG-26 for MAG-21
44/06/24				Eniwetok
44/08/0	44/08/09		CarDiv22	Eniwetok: prepare for Stalemate II
44/08/04		Forage		bring MAG-21 from Esp. Santo to Guam
44/08/09	44/08/14			sail from Eniwetok to Manus
44/08/10	44/08/11			Eniwetok
44/09/15	44/10/01		77.1.1/CarDiv22	land Morotai - CVEG-26: VF-26,VT-26
44/10/10	44/10/27	King2	77.4.1/CarDiv22	CVEG-26: VF-26,VT-26
44/10/24	44/10/25	King2	77.4.1/CarDiv22	xLeyte
44/10/25		King2	77.4.1/CarDiv22	xLeyte -disable(kami+I-56)
44/10/27	44/10/31			sail Leyte > Manus
44/10/31	44/11/09			Seeadler Harbor, Manus - temporary repairs
44/11/09	44/11/19			sail Manus > P.H.
44/11/19	44/11/29			P.H. - repairs
44/11/29	44/12/05			sail P.H. >Los Angeles Bay
44/12/05	45/01			MINY - repairs, overhaul
45/01/31	45/02/08			sail San Diego > P.H.
45/02/08	45/03/07			P.H.
45/03/07	45/03/19			sail P.H. > Ulithi - enroute search for B-24 with LtGen Harmon onboard
45/03/19	45/03/21			Ulithi
45/03/21	45/05/28	Iceber	52.1.3/CarDiv22	CVEG-24: VF-24, VT-24
45/05/28	45/06/16	Iceber	32.1.3/CarDiv22	CVEG-24: VF-24, VT-24
45/06/16	45/06/19			sail Okinawa > Leyte
45/06/19	45/07/01			San Pedro Bay, Leyte
45/07/05	45/07/15		32	W of Okinawa - cover minesweeping operations
45/07/07				damage(crash landing) - 12 planes demolished
45/07/15	45/07/19			sail Okinawa > Guam
45/07/19	45/08/05			Apra Harbor, Guam - flight deck repairs, upkeep
45/08/05	45/08/09			sail Guam > Saipan - training underway
45/08/09	45/08/13			Tanapag Harbor, Saipan
45/08/13	45/08/17			sail Saipan > Leyte
45/08/17	45/09			San Pedro Bay, Leyte

1942

On 24 August 1942, Santee was commissioned as an escort carrier with designation ACV-29, with Commander William Sample in command. The ACV was fitted with such haste that workmen from Norfolk were still on board during her shakedown training and her decks were piled high with stores. After conversion, nominally completed on 8 September, Santee reported to Task Force 22 (TF 22) and the first plane landed on her flight deck on 24 September.

Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless of VC-29 being launched from the escort carrier USS Santee (ACV 29) in the Atlantic

After shakedown, Santee departed Bermuda on 25 October and headed for the coast of Africa. While the escort carrier was en route on 30 October, an SBD Dauntless being launched from a catapult dropped a 325 lb (147 kg) depth bomb onto the flight deck. It rolled off the deck and detonated close to the port bow shaking the entire ship, carrying away the rangefinder and a searchlight base, and damaging radar antennas.

Nevertheless, Santee continued steaming with Task Group 34.2 (TG 34.2). On 7 November, the escort carrier, with Rodman and Emmons and Monadnock, left the formation and, the following morning, took positions off Safi, French Morocco. Santee launched planes and fueled ships until 13 November, when she rejoined TG 34.2 and returned to Bermuda. The group departed that island on 22 November and anchored in Hampton Roads, Virginia two days later.

1943

After voyage repairs and drydock, Santee got underway with destroyer Eberle, on 26 December. On 1 January 1943, Santee anchored at Port of Spain, Trinidad. Two days later, with Eberle and Livermore, she headed for the coast of Brazil. After disembarking passengers at Recife, she sailed to join Task Unit 23.1.6 (TU 23.1.6) at sea in tightening the noose on enemy merchant shipping and naval activity in the South Atlantic.

For a month, her planes flew anti-submarine missions and regular patrols. On 15 February, the escort carrier put in at Recife, remaining until 21 February. Back conducting routine sorties in the same manner, Santee operated from 21 February – 2 March when she again put into Recife.

Her next period at sea, which began on 4 March, brought action. On 10 March, light cruiser Savannah and destroyer Eberle were investigating a cargo liner which had been spotted by Santee's aircraft and which had been tentatively identified as the Karin, a Dutch merchantman. It turned out to be the German blockade runner Kota Nopan (ex-Dutch Kota Pinang). As the Eberle boarding party drew alongside, explosives placed by the abandoning crew detonated, killing eight boarders. On 15 March, Santee set out for Norfolk and anchored at Hampton Roads on 28 March.

Underway again on 13 June, with destroyers Bainbridge, Overton, and MacLeish, Santee reached Casablanca on 3 July. Four days later, the escort carrier departed the harbor with a convoy of homeward-bound empties. No submarines were sighted, but one of her Avengers made a forced landing in Spain, and its crew was interned. Santee's small task group left the convoy on 12 July with orders to operate independently against Nazi submarine concentrations south of the Azores. She remained at this anti-submarine work until 25 July and managed to attack seven surfaced U-boats, at the price of two Dauntlesses.

On the 25th, she joined a west-bound convoy, which reached the Virginia coast on 6 August. On 26 August, Santee, with Bainbridge and Greer, again headed into the Atlantic; and two days steaming brought them to Bermuda.

Santee made another convoy run from Bermuda to Casablanca and back to Hampton Roads from 29 August – 13 October. On 25 October, the escort carrier departed the east coast for Casablanca, reaching Basin Delpit on 13 November. Standing out of Casablanca the next day, she rendezvoused on 17 November with battleship Iowa, carrying President Franklin D. Roosevelt. After providing air cover for the battleship and her escorts for several days, Santee was ordered to the Bay of Biscay, where she engaged in anti-submarine work until the end of November.

As TG 21.11, Santee and a trio of four-stackers patrolled the North Atlantic from 1–9 December. The group was dissolved upon arrival at the Norfolk Navy Yard on 10 December, and Santee, minus her aircraft, stood out of Norfolk on 21 December, and headed for New York in company with battleship Texas, and several destroyers. From 22 to 28 December, the escort carrier packed her hangar and flight decks with P-38 Lightning fighter planes at Staten Island. Getting underway in convoy on 29 December, she steamed unchallenged across the North Atlantic, reaching Glasgow on 9 January 1944.

1944

Emptied of her P-38 cargo, Santee departed Glasgow in convoy on 13 January and returned to Norfolk on 24 January. She stood out of Norfolk on 13 February with destroyer escort Tatum, transited the Panama Canal on 18–19 February and moored at San Diego, California, on 28 February. There, she embarked 300 Navy and Marine Corps personnel and 31 aircraft for delivery to Pearl Harbor. She also took on 24 Grumman F4F Wildcats and Grumman TBF Avengers as her own air group. Standing out of San Diego Bay on 2 March, Santee unloaded her ferried aircraft and personnel at Pearl Harbor upon her arrival on 9 March.

Sangamon, Suwannee, Chenango and Santee, all former oilers, swarmed out of Pearl Harbor with a flock of destroyers on 15 March, heading southwest. Designated Carrier Division 22 (CarDiv 22), they joined the fast carriers of the United States Fifth Fleet on 27 March and sped west to the Palaus. There, their planes of CarDiv 22 flew patrols over vulnerable tankers before setting course for Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides on 4 April.

In this, the closing phase of the New Guinea campaign, Santee fueled and provisioned near Espiritu Santo from 7–10 April; then sailed to Purvis Bay, Solomons on 13 April. CarDiv 22 joined CarDiv 24 and a destroyer squadron on 16 April and set course for New Guinea.

Santee's air group aircraft aided in destroying 100 enemy aircraft and ripping up enemy airfields before the landings, prior to departing for Manus Island, Admiralties, on 24 April. Arriving at Seeadler Harbor the next day, she and her sister ships took on fuel and food; then sailed again on 26 April for Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura). From 12 May – 1 June, she traded in her own air arm for 66 F4U Corsairs and 15 F6F Hellcats and personnel of Marine Air Group 21 (MAG 21). On 2 June, CarDiv 22 started north for Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshalls. On 4 August, Santee reached newly won Guam. The 81 aircraft of MAG 21 became the first planes to operate from the reconquered island.

After training exercises and the re-embarkment of her own planes at Manus, Santee got underway on 10 September and rendezvoused with TF 77 near Mapia Island. At Morotai in the Moluccas, her Avengers bombed ground installations. One plane was lost to the enemy, but Santee herself had no contact with the Japanese. By 1 October, she was back in Seeadler Harbor.

Sailing from Manus on 12 October, Santee and accompanying combatants reached Philippine waters on 20 October. Her gunners shot down an enemy plane during an air attack that morning, and her aircraft shot down two more.

General Motors FM-2 Wildcat on combat air patrol over USS Santee (CVE-29) Leyte Invasion 20th Oct 1944

At 07:36 on 25 October, Santee launched five Avengers and eight Wildcats for an attack against Japanese surface units some 120 mi (190 km) to the north. At 07:40, a kamikaze – carrying what was estimated to be a 138 lb (63 kg) bomb – crashed through the flight deck and damaged the hangar deck.^[2] At 07:56, a torpedo fired from a Japanese submarine struck the ship, causing flooding of several compartments and creating a 6° list.^[2] Emergency repairs were completed by 09:35.

Between 18 and 27 October, Santee planes shot down 31 Japanese planes and sank one 5,000 long tons (5,080 t) ammunition ship, in addition to damage inflicted by strafing during their 377 sorties. On 31 October, she anchored in Seeadler Harbor for temporary repairs.

Underway again on 9 November, she moored at Pearl Harbor on 19 November. Following more repairs, she embarked 98 Marines for transportation to the U.S. and entered Los Angeles Harbor on 5 December. Santee completed the year undergoing repairs to battle damage and general overhaul.

1945

After post repair trials at San Diego, the escort carrier headed toward Hawaii on 31 January 1945, and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 8 February. On 7 March, she got underway for Ulithi in the Western Carolines, altering her course en route to assist in the search for the B-24 Liberator which had disappeared while carrying Army Lieutenant General Millard F. Harmon, before anchoring on 19 March. Two days later Santee steamed toward Leyte Gulf.

On 27 March, Santee departed the Philippines to provide air coverage for southern transport groups Dog and Easy en route to the objective area at Okinawa Gunto for the invasion of Okinawa Jima, the largest combined operation of the Pacific war.

On Easter Sunday, 1 April 1945, Santee provided direct support to the American ground forces landing on Okinawa and she continued this duty until 8 April, when she turned to aid British carriers in denying the use of Sakishima Gunto airfields to the enemy. For 42 consecutive dawns, Santee's aircraft winged over target sectors in the East China Sea, with daily returns to Okinawa itself for routine ground support. On 16 June, Santee launched a fighter bomber mission against specified targets on Kyūshū, Japan.

Pulling out of the Okinawa area that day, Santee reached Leyte Gulf on 19 June, where minor repairs were made. Out again on 1 July, she operated west of Okinawa from 5–14 July, covering minesweeping operations. On 7 July, a tail hook broke on a landing aircraft, allowing it to clear all barriers, crash among parked planes, and cause a fire. Four fighters and two torpedo bombers were jettisoned, six torpedo bombers were rendered non-flyable duds, and one of the pilots of the parked aircraft was killed.

Santee was detached from the task unit on 15 July and proceeded to Guam, arriving at Apra Harbor four days later. Following flight deck repairs and general upkeep, the escort carrier got underway on 5 August for Saipan, engaging in carrier aircraft training for squadrons flown from that island en route. Anchoring in Saipan Harbor on 9 August, the CVE got underway for the Philippines on 13 August. Santee received word of the cessation of the hostilities against Japan on 15 August and anchored in San Pedro Bay, Leyte, two days later.

On 4 September, while en route to Korea to support occupation forces there, Santee was ordered to northern Formosa to evacuate ex-prisoners of war. On 5 September, the escort carrier received 155 officers and men of the British and Indian Armies from destroyer escort Kretchmer. These soldiers had been captured by the Japanese in Malaya in 1942. They were given medical aid and berthed on the hangar deck. The next day, Santee picked up additional men from Finch and Brister, making a total of 322 officers and men. They included 30 American Army and Navy officers and men who had been taken on Bataan and Corregidor, and 10 officers and men from the Dutch Army and Merchant Marine, captured in Java. On 9 September, Santee disembarked the 477 evacuees at Manila Bay.

Five days later, Santee stood out of Manila Bay and steamed for Okinawa, anchoring at Buckner Bay on 19 September. Underway again the next day, Santee reached Wakanoura Wan, Honshū, Japan, on 22 September. From 24 to 26 September, Santee steamed along the coast, providing air coverage for occupation forces landing at Wakayama.

Post-war

Santee departed Wakanoura Wan on 3 October, leaving her formation on 6 October to search for a missing PBM Mariner flying boat carrying Rear Admiral William D. Sample, the ship's first commanding officer after her conversion to an escort carrier.

On 20 October, Santee got underway for Okinawa, arriving two days later at Buckner Bay. On 23 October, Santee got underway for Pearl Harbor, disembarking 375 passengers there on 4 November. The next day, Santee continued her role in 'Operation Magic Carpet' by embarking 18 Marines bound for the west coast.

Anchoring at San Diego on 11 November, Santee remained there until 26 November, when she got underway for Guam on additional 'Magic Carpet' duty.

On 27 February 1946, Santee departed San Diego and arrived at Boston Harbor on 25 March, via the Panama Canal. The CVE was placed in reserve on 21 October. Santee was reclassified on 12 June 1955 as an escort helicopter aircraft carrier, CVHE-29, and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959. On 5 December, she was sold to the Master Metals Company for scrap.

Awards

Santee received nine battle stars and the Presidential Unit Citation for her World War II service.